Ways+of+Knowing

 Wok Chart- Knowing by the way of Senses:

Biological Constitution Question:

In what ways does the biological constitution of a living organism determine, influence or limit its perception? If humans are sensitive only to certain ranges of stimuli, what consequences, including positive attributes and limitations, might this have for the acquisition of knowledge? Provide examples. How does technology extend and modify the capabilities of the senses?

My words:

How does who we are( personality, background) or they way we are (How we act, how we change, learn, are…) determine, influence, or limit our use of senses? If we are sensitive only to some ranges of incentives, what consequences(good and bad) might this have on how we acquire knowledge? Give examples. How does technology increase or change the capabilities of senses?

Our biological constitution could affect (limit, determine, or influence) our senses in the simplest way, which is defined by our hereditary traits such as being born with bad eye site, or hay fever, or possibly a disability such as blindness. As an example, my father, and his mother have a history of horrible allergies, which is why I developed allergies as well. I am allergic to pollen, grass, fruits, dust, many fury animals, etc. These limit my smelling sense and seeing sense because the side affects are nasal congestion and itchy swollen eyes.

Another example may be how my culture could change my perception of things:

I speak Afrikaans, a language that is a derivative of Dutch and German, therefore when I hear people speaking German or Dutch I am able to identify some words and phrases because the languages are so similar. That influences my hearing sense ability. Yet it can also affect our senses in a very metaphorical way. Because how I was raised, the environment growing up in a loving, caring, and respectful home in South Africa, I see the world differently then some children in broken homes, or in different parts of the world. I was exposed to the world outside of SA when I was 11, that broadened my horizons, and taught me countless news things concerning different cultures, countries, religions, and conflicts. So I determine my taste, touch, smell, sight, and hearing senses by tasting other foods, smelling the good and the bad of the world, seeing poverty and wealth, hearing different languages and dialects, and adapting to places easily. How do our senses limit us? Well just because humans are the leading and governing species of the world does not mean we are perfect. There are many other creatures out there that have the many abilities we don’t have, for example dogs have impeccable hearing, and cats have the ability to jump and lea from and to places that humans dream of. Our sense limit us in these ways because this is how we were created, yet other ways that limit us may be controllable ones. For example, if we choose to smoke then the tobacco and other chemicals will weaken our cilia and cause a mucus build up because the cilia can’t clean the lungs anymore, we are hurting our selves and we affect our breathing and sports as well. Or maybe if we contract a cold, it constricts us from smelling well, breathing well, and often puts pressure on the sinuses, which means that we have to supplement our body with vitamins such as Vitamin C, to stay healthy and keep our senses in top shape. Technology can affect our sense usage in positive and negative ways. The positive may be glasses to improve our vision, or hearing aids to improve our hearing, artificially manufactured food products and genetically enhanced food products that taste delicious and seem healthy etc… But the negative side to this is far worse; all of these techno items I mentioned do benefit our senses yet they also somewhat deteriorate natural human senses. We were made to live off the land not manufacture artificial foods, we were made to smell bad things and be used to them, not use perfume every 2 seconds, we were meant to send each other handwriting notes not type them, or Skype, we were meant to adapt to our surroundings not change them. Technologies are changing human behavior yes, but are we messing with civilization too much?

Perception....

**Perception**
What are the primary ways in which we know the world around us?

===**Are there stages to perception? ** === Here are some recognized stages. Define them and find examples:  -filtering- When we block sounds, feelings, smells, tastes, etc, from our minds, we ignore them and continue with our normal lives. Eg. Paying attention to the teacher when we hear the buzz of the loud lights, or it is extremely warm in the room. -halo and horn effect- When we perceive situations in a negative(horn) or positive(halo) way, for eg. on the streets of South Africa I could be walking  -organizing- Categorizing information to map it out in your head better for eg. If I want to know where my mom left the activities letter she had to sign, and she says on the counter, I would rack my brain and think of all the counters in our house, realize the most logical place which is the kitchen, and search there first.  -stereotyping- Categorizing someone or something into a general category, for example just because my skin is darker then most and i have brown hair and eyes, some people would call me black.  -filling in information- Adding information to a situation to help better understand what is going on, often improvisation. For example if I had to read a book for history and had to answer questions on it afterwards, but didn't quite no what the questions were asking for, i could change the wording around, or add some information in the way that i understood the questions.  -interpretation- <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the way one understands something, it is specific to how you look at things, how you see the world, similar to the halo and horn affect. For ex. if Amae told me i look good today, i could interpret that as a compliment, or assume she is saying i look bad every other day.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Perceptual Illusions**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is your perception always accurate? Provide examples of when it is trustworthy, and when it might not be. Perception is not always accurate, for ex. sometimes when i'm walking in the grocery store or the mall with my mum and i'm just talking to her while looking at things, i often turn and realize that i was talking to someone else, who i thought was my mum from the corner of my eye. Or maybe it could be accurate in the sense that when i taste one of my dads curry's i can identify some of the spices. (Refer to table)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Are people’s perceptions the same? How do you know this? Does this invalidate your or another person’s experience? Not everyone's perceptions are the same, it often depends on who we are, or more specifically where we were raised, family, knowledge. But just because my perception of something is different to yours does not make yours wrong, it might just be perceiving something from a different angle.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Why might misperceptions occur? <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">We all make mistakes, so do our senses it is a human trait, we are never always correct. <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Our senses might be impaired for some reason, like a cold for example.

===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Selectivity of Perception ** === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do we validate our perceptions? Do we ignore some and rely more heavily on others? Why? Sometimes we validate our perceptions by telling our selves to believe what we perceive, we convince ourselves that this is right, or that is wrong, and we often go with our gut feeling. That does not mean that we are always right though. We learn which ones are right or wrong by asking, using prior knowledge...etc....the ways of knowing. We often do rely on other senses because one of our sense could be impaired for example many people who can't see, use their hearing or touch as the main reliable sense. Also we like to rely on see, because once we see evidence we believe it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What things might affect how you interpret your perceptions? Is this selectivity conscious or unconscious? background, family, surroundings, environment, change, age. Our individuality sets us apart from every one else which means we perceive things differently. It is conscious for some things like some times we have to take our morals and values into consideration before believing our perceptions. And other times we just go with out gut feelin.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you provide reasons why people perceive things differently? Explain <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Because we are all different, we all see the world differently, different circumstances, different people. But we could also be influenced by: People-friends, family. Culture- what you were raised to believe and how you live, its embedded in you. Environment- Where we are can change how we perceive many things, and the type of culture or people we are surrounded by. Age- Different generations have different morals, beliefs, traditions. Genes- Our "biological constitution" really affects how we react to things.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Seeing and Believing**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What do you create from your perceptions? Understanding, even for a moment, something just clicks in my head, you might even say momentary realization. Because firstly it feels good to realize something, or to know something...and secondly often the things we perceive stay with us for longer then general knowledge of reading or listening etc.

From our perceptions come the basis of all the concepts:

In this case, one could ask, what belief or models affect our perception? Well in my case one of the beliefs that would affect my perception may be that I believe very strongly in being oneself, so i am fine with same sex relationships and i do believe that if people like the same sex it is not wrong, it is just who they are. So when I hear people saying "oh that is so gay" i don't like it because it should not be used as a derogative term, it is a way of life for some people.

How would you be able to confirm if your perceptions are representing what you are experiencing accurately? I believe if we can show evidence and prove to ourselves that what we perceive is actually happening, and also if we can see that what is happeneing to us is happening to other people, commonality.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**Homework:** Write wiki entry on perceptions and truth: If you left the planet and had to explain to an alien what life was like on our planet, what would you say? What might be some of the problems associated with your perceptions? What things would you highlight, what would you not highlight and why? How would you explain that you knew your description was the truth? Provide examples.

I would tell them that our senses are probably what we use the most to guide us in the world. We rely on hearing, seeing, touching, tasting, and smelling to help us in life because that is what we are given from the beginning and as we grow older we just develop our senses. I would explain to them that perceptions vary from person to person and many things that affect our perceptions such as where we come from, our family, our culture, gender, etc. But we also know that we have to accept other perceptions because everyone interprets things differently and there are many different angles on things. I might give examples of how i perceive something and how different that might be to someone else's perception. But i will also help them understand that we rely very heavily on our perceptions even though they are not accurate all the time, and we do make mistakes because that is a normal human trait. I would help them understand that my description is true to me, but it might not be correct and true for someone else because we all have different opinions, but there is also an emotion called trust where you rely on someone and can hold them to not lying to you. I might also tell them that things called emotions could affect how we see things, there are not only facts in our world but feelings.

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions **
Please don't cry....

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**The nature of emotions**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is the underlying nature of our emotions? <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Common- <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">From our heart, it is the unconscious expression of exactly how we feel inside. If we are sad, we cry...if we are happy we laugh...if we are angry we become reckless...then we feel relived. <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Uncommon- <span style="color: #800080; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions are the partnership of mind and heart, they mix to help us remain calm, collected, sane, in control. For example, if we were not using our minds to control our emotions, and we were only our heart we would all be...crazy. Although at time we allow our mind to control our heart too much, and end up lying to ourselves. For example, when we are trying to get over someone we like, our minds tell our hearts we are over them, but we soon realize we need to let our heart feel without the thought.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">When you feel an emotion, how do you know you are feeling that way? Can you explain why you are having this emotion? We know we are feeling an emotion because we react to it, for example when we are sad we cry when we are happy we laugh or smile. And the situation at hand tells us why we are feeling this way, or your mood that day, or maybe it's just the kind of person you are, expressive?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Describe the process by which you develop an emotion. In what ways do we describe emotions through language? We first need to understand and perceive what is going on to develop an emotion towards something. We can use writing, songs, poetry, theatre...

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you reason about emotions? Not always, because lots of the time we might not know why we are having a certain emotion, there is often no explanation that we can think of to prove why we are feeling something.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What things influence your emotions? The situation around us, the people around us, the mood/atmosphere, the type of person we are- whether we are expressive, sensitive, disruptive, agro, etc. Also the situations we insert ourselves into, for example if we put ourselves in situations that are aggressive and dangerous then our mood reflects that. Also our family life, for example, if our parents raise us in a home that is very 'cold' and stern, we will turn out to have those emotions.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Are controlling emotions a good or a bad thing? Explain with examples. Controlling emotions are good to an extent. I believe that if we did not have our brains to control our emotions we would all be a mess, but we also can't go to far and stop ourselves from feeling anything. For example, when one is trying to get over a person you are telling your heart to stop feeling emotions for that person, but once you see that person again you realize that the emotions aren't gone yet, and your mind was lying to your heart.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do emotions change as you get older? Why does this happen? Well when we get older, our emotions don't necessarily change but how we use them changes. For example when we were babies we used our emotions to express ourselves or tell our parents what we needed. But when we get older we use words, and our emotions are just reactions to what we feel. We don't need to use our emotions to communicate that much anymore, even though we still do. Because our skills develop our speaking skills, and communications skills.

===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as obstacle ** === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions affect the way we understand something? Yes, i believe that sometimes when emotions are involved i can understand something better because i can relate seen as im a very emotional person. For example, when I'm reading a novel outloud and i read it with emotion i can understand how the character is feeling, rather then just reading.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Can emotions limit the reliability or even the validity of a knowledge claim? Provide examples. Sometimes, knowledge can impair out judgement of what is reliable, because when we become subjective to a subject the facts can be overtaken by the emotions. For example, when I am writing history essay about Stalin, I state facts, but i also state my opinion on him and that is often wrong because the essay was supposed to be objective only the facts and sources. It is hard to stay objective though because our emotions are such a great part of us we can't help putting them in everything we do. ===<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Emotions as source ** === <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can emotions be an important aspect of creating knowledge? Provide examples. Yes, because often we use our emotions as a way of knowing rather then perception, or reason, or memory, or experience. For example, we feel something when we hear a certain song, and we know what song it is because we have emotional attachments to it.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What is emotional intelligence? I don't know, maybe when you use your emotions as a way of knowing.

Is there such a thing as Intuition? Would you rely on it as a reliable way of knowing? Provide examples. Yes, it is like instincts, it is reliable because this is what we know without thinking, for example when we are about to walk into a ditch we know to stop because our instincts tells us it's dangerous.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Can you classify emotions? What categories could you create?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What role does emotion play in some of the different areas of knowledge? Emotions can affect the areas of knowing, i think that our emotions allow everything to become personal for example when we know something from memory and we remember there is usually an emotion associated with that certain memory and it could impair our judgement because we become subjective when there are emotions in the mix.

<span style="font-size: 1.3em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Reason**
Are you always reasonable in your reasoning? What does that mean? People are not always reasonable in their reasoning, because often we only see OUR reasoning through OUR perspective not anyone else's. And as reasonable reasoning would mean always having a logical understanding and explanation that complies and compromises with other peoples reasoning, if your reasoning seems closed minded and if you are hardly even attempting to comply or look at something diff. then your reasoning is not always reasonable.

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**The Nature of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What exactly is reasoning? Reasoning as I understood it can be either subjective or objective, the objective explanation for reasoning is jut a simple logical explanation, understanding and justification for a concept, idea, item..etc. Whereas the subjective explanation for reasoning is a personal and often biased justification for something, often only seen from your own point of view.

What does the process of reasoning entail? This process deff. involves an understanding of what you are reasoning for. If there is no understanding even if it is personal understanding it doesn't matter, as long as what you are reasoning for is understandable by you.

Is there good and bad reasoning?

Is there a history of reasoning?

<span style="font-size: 1.1em; margin: 0px; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 0px; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 5px;">**Types of Reasoning**
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What are inductive and deductive processes of reasoning? What is informal reasoning? <span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://www.socialresearchmethods.net/kb/dedind.php Inductive reasoning is using an experience of yours or someone else's and then making a generalization about something due to the experience. Deductive- Making a generalization and proving it by using an experience of yours or someone else's.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Is reasoning done to produce knowledge about something specific, or something in general? How is this done? Provide examples of each. Reasoning is used to produce knowledge about specific things and general things, that is why we have inductive and deductive reasoning. Inductive reasoning allows us to produce knowledge that is general, for example if I walk into Al-Hanouf in the hallway when I see her, and Abdullah walks into her in the hallway when he sees her, and Mohammed walks into her in the hall way when he sees her, then she will assume that everyone who sees her in the hallway will walk into her. We produce a generalization from short specific experiences. Deductive reasoning allows us to produce specific information from a generalization, for example if we assume that Al-hanouf, Mohammed, Abdullah and I are best friends and we all play on the same sports team, from that we assume that all best friends play on the same sports team, then Al-hanouf and I walk away, when we see that Abdullah and Mohammed play on the soccer team, without us which means that not all best friends play on the same sports team. So we produce specific information from general info.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">How do you know if you are doing it correctly or not? When is it valid or invalid? When is it true or false? Does it always lead to truth? Create syllogisms and let's see - visit<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syllogism for examples.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">What role does time play in judging the truth value of your reasoning, whether inductive or deductive? If I took our deductive reasoning and used the Shining Suns example of making the generalization that all girls who wear hijabs never talk to guys, but they are proved wrong when they meet a girl who wears a hijab and talks to a guy. Tying this into time as an example would suggest that a young boy who said that would not know the real reason why many hijabed girls do not talk to men because young boys only see it from their point of view which is young girls that are covered never encountering guys.Whereas, and older man or woman had seen the girl in the Hijab they most likely would not assume that ALL hijabed girls do not talk to guys, they would not assume that just because girls are covered they will never talk to guys. Older more experienced people would have older and more mature assumptions such as, there is a girl with a hijab she might not be comfortable around men, and might feel awkward or she might be open and normal around men...older people would take many factors into consideration and not just jump to conclusions. they have a wider scope on things.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Are all types of reasoning reliable? How do you know this? Check these fallacies: let's find examples in your life of when they occur -<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://onegoodmove.org/fallacy/toc.htm

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the relationship of reasoning to knowledge, the creation or discovery of knowledge, and ultimately, to truth?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the difference between empiricism and rationalism? Which do you think explains reality with greater accuracy? Provide examples of each. Visit:<span style="background-attachment: initial; background-color: initial; background-position: 100% 50%; background-repeat: no-repeat; padding-right: 10px;">@http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/rationalism-empiricism/

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What sorts of things might influence reasoning?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> What is the relationship of the other WOKs to reasoning?

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Possible Activity: Logic formulations – use Oxford text p. 68-72 <span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Also do activity p. 73: find an editorial article and identify the premise and conclusion. Share and compare.

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;">Provide examples of how Induction and Deduction are used in your other courses or activities. Can you provide examples of where it might be problematic? That is, do you see any cases where induction, an event leads to a generalization, is correct or not correct? Are there cases where general rules applied to specific situations work or don't work? <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif;"> Make a table if you find that easier.

We use induction and decution in many of our other courses, often without realizing it, For example:

Chemistry- We use deduction in chemistry all the time, when we perform experiments. When someone makes the generalization that all dogs have wet noses, I prove that by going from dog to dog and seeing whether each dog has a wet nose, that is deduction taking a generalization and proving it then ending up with a detailed conclusion. We hardly ever use induction in Chemistry because if we did there would be nothing left to experiment on everything would be handed to us because chemistry is all about the details not generalizations.

English- We use deduction in english when we analyze novels because we often have to read deeper into a novel and into what the author is trying to communicate, for example when we analyzed The Things They Carried by Tim O'Brien, we discussed how in the name of the book there is a double entandre because the book is about not only the physical burdens but also the emotional burdens that the soldiers of the Vietnamese War carried. We used induction in this sense because some made the generalization of all book names meaning nothing just a name, but we proved it by giving great meaning to the name.

Well one main example that i can think of where Induction is problematic is in social settings, many people use induction to stereotype people for example if an Asian student is very smart and prefers spending time at home working many other students will say ohhh you are staying home because you are asian, where not all asian students are as studious. Often it is a habit that children/students get into when they are or are not exposed to different cultures mainly when they are not.

<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Truth requires an examination of content and meaning


 * 1) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two true premises, and a true conclusion Blue and Red are colors, I like blue and red, therefore I like colors.
 * 2) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">One true premise, one false premise, and a true conclusion I am a girl, All girls have long hair, therefore i must have long hair.
 * 3) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">One true premise, one false premise and a false conclusion All cinemas are made for movies, you are in a cinema, you are watching a movie
 * 4) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two false premises and a true conclusion All Welsh people have green eyes, Miral has green eyes, Miral is Welsh.
 * 5) <span style="margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-top: 0.5em; padding-bottom: 0px; padding-left: 3em; padding-right: 0px; padding-top: 0px;">Two false premises and a false conclusion All Rugby players are buff, I play Rugby, So I must be buff.

<span style="color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">Fallacies of Distraction:

<span style="font-size: 140%; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin: 0px;">False Dilemma - when a limited amount of options are given (2 options), and in reality there are more. Using "or" in the wrong way. I see it as an ultimatum, when a situation is painted black or white without considering the other options or what is in between.

Example- many teachers live by that, you either give in the work now or you don't give it at all but they could accept the work late. This is an example of False Dilemma because only two options of parties are being given, when there are in fact many other political parties in The U.S.A, such as the green party, progressive labor party, workers party, not only the Democratic and Republican parties.

<span style="font-size: 130%; font: normal normal normal 14px/normal 'Trebuchet MS'; margin: 0px;">From ignorance - When you see that something has not yet been proven false so one assumes it is true. or vice versa. Also known as reverse psychology.

Example- we often use this when we don't know any better, or when we are just trying to win an argument for the sake of winning it. When i was younger and my brother and i would fight, and i would fall over and hurt my self, my brother would tell my mom that he didn't do anything and i would reassure her that he did, and he would say well you can't prove that i did so i couldn't have. <span style="font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal;">This is one example of From Ignorance fallacy because this proof has not been proven false anywhere in the picture, and the way that is demonstrated it makes sense, which leads one to think that is true even though one knows better.

<span style="color: #0000ff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 170%; line-height: normal;">﻿Language as a Symbol...


 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Turkish Delight (f) ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Individual <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">lllllllllllllllllll || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Community/group <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">pppp || <span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: normal;"><span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Universal <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">llllllllllllll  ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Craving (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- sweet (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Eastern delicacy (l) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- home (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- flavored (l) ||  ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Nana (f) ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Clicks (f) ||  ||   ||


 * || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">Easter egg hunt ||  ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Individual <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">lllllllllllllllllll || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Community/group <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">pppp || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Universal <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">llllllllllllllllllllllll ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Childhood (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> - Holiday (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> - Easter Marks the end of Lent in Christianity (l) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Eating an easter egg (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Chocolate (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Easter Bunny (f) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- Langebaan (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Competition/race ||  ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Fun (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- not real eggs (l) ||  ||


 * ||  || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">The beach ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Individual <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">lllllllllllllllllll || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Community/group <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">ppp || <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ee4444; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">Universal <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #ffffff; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 18px; line-height: 27px;">llllllllllllllllllllllll ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Beach house (f, l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;"> - Prawn pumping (l) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Sharks (l) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Langebaan (l) ||  || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Swim (l) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- View (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- relaxation (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;">- tanning (l) ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- time (f) || <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px; line-height: normal; margin: 0px; padding: 0px;"> - Surfing, jet ski, windsurf, etc. (l) ||  ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Bright teal color (l) ||  ||   ||
 * <span style="border-collapse: separate; font-family: 'Trebuchet MS',helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 14px;">- Family (l) ||  ||   ||

<span style="color: #800080; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 22px; line-height: 33px;">More language...

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is language inherently literal or is it figurative? TREES <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">It depends on the situation, whether a person is being serious or sarcastic <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Confusion between literal and figurative can lead to misconceptions <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Can be literal or figurative depending on how people would interpret it <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -People sometimes misunderstand what you say and take it literally <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -We use figurative to add humor <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -For figurative, we play with words <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Literal is the way you describe what it is <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Figurative is when you play with words by creating metaphors <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Examples: <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Spill the beans <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -When you spill a bag of beans <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -When you tell someone the full details of a story <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Black eye <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Someone's eyes (iris) are black <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -A person was punched in the face and has a black eye <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Blue Monday <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -The sky is blue on a Monday <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -A sad monday <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> *Rabbit's foot <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -A rabbit's foot <span style="color: #008000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> -Can also mean luck

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Is language play? In what ways? Provide examples. PLUS SUNS

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Do all terms have distinct definitions?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Do words denote something specific? Provide examples. Or, do they always have various connotations?

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> Do words represent images in our minds or some idea out there, or do they refer to real things? MOONS

- Most of the words can be imagined as pictures or ideas in most of people's minds, and then refer into real things.

- Words that are about real things in life that we can touch, see, hear, taste or smell, are represented in our minds as images or pictures of the thing, though the pictures can be different, but they'll talk about one thing, as long as it's about one specific meaning of the word.

- Most of the words that are imaginable refer to real things. eg.: when someone says there is a dog outside, then most of people will have the idea or the picture "Dog" in their minds, so this helps knowing the word and what does it refer to.

- Words that are about feelings or things that are not touchable or visual are usually unimaginable as pictures, and even if they are, they may not refer to real things directly. eg.: the word "Life" doesn't refer for something real by saying it just like that, but it may make some individual mean or picture for some people.

- Some people make images or ideas for different words, even if they're not real things, to help remember them or make them easier to understand, and that helps a lot building the brain and the memory, and helps making them stronger.

- Usually, words have different images inside each one's mind, so they may have the same meaning or different meanings, depends of the way the person sees or understands the word. This is very similar to the Homonym, which means words that have the same spelling and pronunciation but different meanings. eg: the word "Heart", for some people it may be pictured as a human heart, others may imagine it as a love heart, and some may imagine it as the center of something.

- Words that are universal sometimes have the same picture in our minds, so the whole word will have the same picture when they hear a word like that. eg.: the word "Nine" have a picture of the number nine for most of the people. Some words may have the same picture in specific situations. eg.: the word "Sun" will have the same picture of a sun, when talking about weather or a twilight or something.

- Names that are unique, which means they're not similar to another word, are the words that have only one picture or very similar pictures in people minds, and this is for the situation when talking about a specific known person, and everyone knows that the topic is about him. eg.: "Ludacris" is a common words that will have the same picture for the same person in our mind, or similar pictures, which is the singer.

- Words that are not imaginable are understood by experience and repetition, so people also may make picture which refer to the experiment or the action, and then relate it to the word, so this type also can refer to real things, but indirectly.

- From the previous point above, we notice that the two types of words, words which can be imagined, and words which cannot, can refer to real things for most of us, but the difference is how does it refer, directly or indirectly.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is there a difference between the written word and speaking or dialogue? Provide examples. SATURN


 * Content makes a difference
 * You can incorporate emotions into words
 * Words have different meanings (literal/figurative)
 * The method of how words are expressed (Tone/Volume)
 * Fonts reflect different styles (bold, italics, small, big)
 * Spelling and Capitalization - (Thanks vs. Thnx) (march vs. March)
 * Different cultures may have different meanings to specific words

<span style="background-color: #ffffff; color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 10pt; font-style: normal; font-weight: normal; vertical-align: baseline;">Does language change? How, when, and why? PINKIES How: - Formal --> Slang (eg. teacher --> friends) - Translation (eg. from one language to another) - Interpretation of definition within words (eg. i love you to a friend or to a some one special) - Time (eg. Chinese & Egyptian symbols) When: - Migration (eg. depending on where you live and what century Why: - Easy (efficient)  - Cool (Part of your identity - Personal codes (eg. own language) - Changes according to stuff changing (possibly technology) - Influence (eg. from the people around you)

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Is language be personal/individual or is it part of a shared community? STARS - If you think about each word carefully, it is able to fit in to each category of meanings of words, which are Individual, Shared and Common. - For some words, there is a cultural meaning that comes up first before the individual meaning. For example, “Cinema” in Saudi, in this culture, it is considered wrong and so, for this reason, there are no cinemas in this country. - The inventing of words are individual at the beginning, but common when shared. For example, Shakespeare and Newspeak in 1984. Some of their words are in the dictionary and are used in everyday language. - Language is a strong aspect of WOK because it gives meaning to the words and how they are viewed differently. - Language has both advantage and disadvantage to globalization, for example, for example when people communicate, they have different views on how companies should be developed.

<span style="color: #800000; font-family: Impact,Charcoal,sans-serif; font-size: 140%;">﻿Reflection questions

<span style="border-collapse: collapse; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Key Prompts: <span style="border-collapse: separate; color: #000000; font-family: arial,helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 13px; line-height: 19px;">Identify a topic or situation. Is this idea clearly true, or false, or where between the two? If we discussed the idea of words representing images/ ideas in our mind or do they represent real things, i believe we would come to the conclusion of it being true for both topics. Words can represent both images and ideas in our minds along with real life objects. For example if we take the word "poem" in the literal and tangible meaning, a poem is expression through language and writing, rhyming and beautiful language is used to communicate feelings. Yet if I think of "poem" in my mind I think of a small coffee shop with dim lights and many people. None of the people look remotely alike, they are all unique and as people come and go from the coffee shop we hear men and women walk up to a mic screaming, whispering, singing words that mean so much to them, making sense or not. That is what i call poetry.

What makes it so certain or uncertain? (or almost certainly true or false) What makes it certain is that I have experienced this with many words not just the word poetry, when I and most people think of words we do not only picture the literal and tangible object that the word represents. But we do mostly find something personal to represent that word, and idea or thought that only we can relate with. It relates very much to words or language being personal and universal.

How important is it? What makes it important? (important or not so important) It is important because we can understand things more clearly when we relate personal experiences to them, or when we recognize